Giardia and Cryptosporidium

Giardia and Cryptosporidium are microscopic parasites that can be found in water. Giardia causes and intestinal illness called giardiasis or "beaver fever." Cryptosporidium is responsible for a similar illness called cryptosporidiosis. Both parasites produce cysts that are very resistant to harsh environmental conditions. When ingested, they germinate, reproduce, and cause illness. After feeding the parasites form new cysts, which are then passed in the feces. Studies with human volunteers have shown that ingestion of only a few cysts will cause illness.

Common Symptoms
Diarrhea, abdominal cramps, gas, malaise, and weight loss are the most common symptoms caused by Giardia. Vomiting, chills, headache, and fever may also occur. These symptoms usually surface six to 16 days after the initial contact and can continue as long as one month.

The symptoms of cryptosporidiosis are similar; the most common include watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, nausea, and headaches. These symptoms occur within two to 25 days of infection and usually last one or two weeks; in some cases they stick around for up to a month.

Sources of Contamination
Giardia are often found in human, beaver, muskrat, and dog feces. Cattle feces appear to be the primary source of Cryptosporidium, although these parasites have also been found in humans and other animals. Drinking water sources become contaminated when feces containing the parasites are deposited or flushed into water. If treatment is inadequate, drinking water may contain sufficient numbers of parasites to cause illness. Other sources include direct exposure to the feces of infected humans and animals, eating contaminated food, and accidental ingestion of contaminated recreational water. The comparative importance of these various routes of exposure is unknown.

Prevention
Water may be boiled for one minute to kill any parasites that may be present. This will also destroy any other microorganisms that might be of concern.

Reference: University of Nebraska